The Laws and Governmental Structure of Iran

The Laws and Governmental Structure of Iran In the spring of 1979, Irans Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was ousted from power and the exiled Shia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to take control of a new form of government in this ancient land in what has become known as the Iranian Revolution in 1979. On April 1, 1979, the Kingdom of Iran became the Islamic Republic of Iran after a national referendum. The new theocratic government structure was complex  and included a mixture of elected and unelected officials. Who is who in Irans government? How does this government function? The Supreme Leader At the apex of Irans government stands the  Supreme Leader. As head of state, he has broad powers, including command of the armed forces, appointment of the head of the judiciary and of half of the Guardian Councils members, and confirmation of presidential election results. However, the Supreme Leaders power is not entirely unchecked. He is selected by the Assembly of Experts, and could even be recalled by them (although this has never actually happened.) So far, Iran has had two Supreme Leaders: the Ayatollah Khomeini, 1979-1989, and the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, 1989-present. The Guardian Council One of the most powerful forces in Irans government is the Guardian Council, which consists of twelve top Shia clerics. Six of the council members are appointed by the Supreme Leader, while the remaining six are nominated by the judiciary and then approved by the parliament. The Guardian Council has the power to veto any bill passed by parliament if it is judged inconsistent with the Iranian Constitution or with Islamic law. All bills must be approved by the council before they become law. Another important function of the Guardian Council is the approval of potential presidential candidates. The highly conservative council generally blocks most reformists and all women from running. The Assembly of Experts Unlike the Supreme Leader and the Guardian Council, the Assembly of Experts is directly elected by the people of Iran. The assembly has 86 members, all clerics, who are elected for eight-year terms. Candidates for the assembly are vetted by the Guardian Council. The Assembly of Experts is responsible for appointing the Supreme Leader and supervising his performance. In theory, the assembly could even remove a Supreme Leader from office. Officially based in Qom, Irans holiest city, the assembly often actually meets in Tehran or Mashhad. The President Under the Iranian Constitution, the President is head of the government. He is charged with implementing the constitution  and managing domestic policy. However, the Supreme Leader controls the armed forces and makes major security and foreign policy decisions, so the power of the presidency is rather sharply curtailed. The president is elected directly by the people of Iran for a four-year term. He can serve no more than two consecutive terms  but can be elected again after a break. That is to say, for example, that a single politician could be elected in 2005, 2009, not in 2013, but then again in 2017. The Guardian Council vets all potential presidential candidates and usually rejects most reformers and all women. The Majlis - Iran's Parliament Irans unicameral parliament, called the Majlis, has 290 members. (The name literally means place of sitting in Arabic.) Members are directly elected every four years, but again the Guardian Council vets all candidates. The Majlis writes and votes on bills. Before any law is enacted, however, it must be approved by the Guardian Council. Parliament also approves the national budget and ratifies international treaties. In addition, the Majlis has the authority to impeach the president or cabinet members. The Expediency Council Created in 1988, the Expediency Council is supposed to resolve conflicts over legislation between the Majlis and the Guardian Council. The Expediency Council is considered an advisory board for the Supreme Leader, who appoints its 20-30 members from among both religious and political circles. Members serve for five years  and may be reappointed indefinitely. The Cabinet The President of Iran nominates the 24 members of the Cabinet  or Council of Ministers. Parliament then approves or rejects the appointments; it also has the ability to impeach the ministers. The first vice-president chairs the cabinet. Individual ministers are responsible for specific topics such as Commerce, Education, Justice, and Petroleum Supervision. The Judiciary The Iranian judiciary ensures that all laws passed by the Majlis conform with Islamic law (sharia)  and that the law is enforced according to the principles of sharia. The judiciary also selects six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council, who then must be approved by the Majlis. (The other six are appointed by the Supreme Leader.) The Supreme Leader also appoints the Head of the Judiciary, who selects the Chief Supreme Court Justice and the Chief Public Prosecutor. There are several different types of lower courts, including public courts for ordinary criminal and civil cases; revolutionary courts, for national security matters (decided without provision for appeal); and the Special Clerical Court, which acts independently in matters of alleged crimes by clerics, and is overseen personally by the Supreme Leader. The Armed Forces A final piece of the Iranian governmental puzzle is the Armed Forces. Iran has a regular army, air force, and navy, plus the Revolutionary Guard Corps (or Sepah), which is in charge of internal security. The regular armed forces include approximately 800,000 troops total in all branches. The Revolutionary Guard has an estimated 125,000 troops, plus control over the Basij militia, which has members in every town in Iran. Although the exact number of Basij is unknown, it is probably between 400,000 and several million. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the military  and appoints all top commanders. Due to its intricate set of checks and balances, the Iranian government can get bogged down in times of crisis. It includes a volatile mix of elected and appointed career politicians and Shia clerics, from ultra-conservative to reformist. Altogether, Irans leadership is a fascinating case study in hybrid government - and the only functioning theocratic government on Earth today.

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar In linguistics, a  consonant cluster (CC)  is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (called an onset), after (called a coda) or between (called medial) vowels. Also known simply as a cluster, these occur naturally in written and spoken English - though sometimes may be altered phonetically. This process, called consonant cluster simplification (or reduction) sometimes occurs when at least one consonant in a sequence of adjacent consonants is elided or dropped. In everyday speech, for instance, the phrase  best boy may be pronounced  bes boy, and first time may be pronounced firs time. Onset consonant clusters may occur in two or three initial consonants, wherein three are referred to as CCC while coda consonant clusters can occur in two to four consonant groups. Common Consonant Clusters The written English language contains up to 46 permissible two-item initial consonant clusters, ranging from the common st to the less common sq, but only 9 permissible three-item consonant clusters, as Michael Pearce posits in his book The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Pearce illustrates the common three-item initial consonant clusters in the following words: spl/  split, /spr/  sprig, /spj/  spume, /str/  strip, /stj/  stew, /skl/  sclerotic, /skr/  screen, /skw/  squad, /skj/  skua, wherein every word must start with an s, be followed by a voiceless stop like p or t and a liquid or glide like l or w.   In terms of codas, or consonant clusters that end words, they may contain up to four items, though they are often truncated in connected speech if the consonant cluster is too long, as in the word glimpsed being acceptably written as glimst. Consonant Cluster Reduction In spoken English and rhetoric, oftentimes consonant clusters will be truncated naturally to increase speed or eloquence of speech, oftentimes dropping the same consonant if it occurs at the end of one word and again at the beginning of the next. This process, called consonant cluster reduction, is relatively variable but confined by linguistic factors that inhibit the operation of reducing these words. Walt Wolfram, writing in Dialect in Society, expounds, with respect to the phonological environment that follows the cluster, the likelihood of reduction is increased when the cluster is followed by a word beginning with a consonant. What this means for average English users is that cluster reduction is more common in phrases like west coast or cold cuts than in west end or cold apple. This technique can also be found in poetry to force similar-sounding words with different consonant endings to rhyme. Take for example the words test and desk, which dont rhyme in their original form, but if one uses consonant cluster reduction, the rhyme Sittin in my des, takin my tes can be forced through truncation, as Lisa Green describes in African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, this is most common in the poetic raps of African American origins in the United States.

The political situation on the African continent, associated with Term Paper

The political situation on the African continent, associated with pipeline attack - Term Paper Example The purpose of this study is to review the pipeline attack for pointing out the necessary details. This was not the only attack. The militants group attacked the pipelines, kidnapped and threatened employees of the company since 2006. The reviewed attack was another sabotage that had several aims: †¢ Attracting attention †¢ Showing power †¢ Threatening and increasing the terror level for the company and its employees †¢ Pursuing the aims of freedom and equity Moreover, the militants claim that Nigerian Government send crude oil to the southern regions of Nigeria. In accordance with their words, this will help to fight with poverty, as southern regions stay poor due to unwillingness of the government to develop and expand the economic and industrial potential of these regions. In accordance with the research outcomes by Renner, military groups, terroristic bands, sects, and other groupings have protectors, who have a particular influence level on the political arena, as well as sufficient financial reserves for sponsoring these groups. As it is stated by Associated Press, Lt. Col. Timothy Antigha claimed, that any organization had not taken responsibility for this particular attack, however, most of the attacks are performed by militant groups of MEND (Movement for Emancipation of the Niger Delta). This extremist grouping is aimed at fighting against exploitation and oppression of the Nigerian people. The federal Government of Nigeria is t he enemy #1 for the MEND, and the key aim is to overthrow it. ... Political Background In accordance with the research outcomes by Renner (2002), military groups, terroristic bands, sects, and other groupings have protectors, who have a particular influence level on the political arena, as well as sufficient financial reserves for sponsoring these groups. As it is stated by Associated Press (2010), Lt. Col. Timothy Antigha claimed, that any organization had not taken responsibility for this particular attack, however, most of the attacks are performed by militant groups of MEND (Movement for Emancipation of the Niger Delta). This extremist grouping is aimed at fighting against exploitation and oppression of the Nigerian people. The federal Government of Nigeria is the enemy #1 for the MEND (Bello, 2011), and the key aim is to overthrow it. Considering the basics of the Conspiracy Theory, a political force must be standing behind the MEND. However, its leaders prefer staying faceless (Faucon, 2012). Since the Federal Government is not able to reach an agreement with the aggressors, the amnesty program was initiated in the Niger delta region (Faucon, 2012). On the one hand, this program shows willingness to begin negotiations; on the other hand, this reveals lack of opportunity and support to fight against aggressors. Moreover, some researchers claim that the conflict is not beneficial for the government, as essential powers may stand behind the militant groups. Social Background The social aspects of these attacks are not obvious, nevertheless, in the light of the fact that the MEND is supported by at least 20 million of Nigerians, the social resonance is high enough (Eberechi, 2009). The key social factor that

Marketing - Segmentation strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Segmentation strategy - Assignment Example Competing is a problem. Financially strong management with a clear commitment to see the company through and keep making profits for the shareholders. Though, when the company started it was the largest facility but soon with the new process, much larger world scale facilities have come up, dwarfing this factory. The company has built a good rapport with the customer which produces the required market capitalisation for the company. Since the market for fertilisers is pretty large there was no dearth of market at any point in time. Opportunities Threats The company is at the threshold of a major change in the agricultural production process because of the continuing increase in the population. It would be wise for the company to capture this market. The market is varying and depends on the success of agriculture across the country. This could become quite seasonal and would cause huge losses of accrued stock if there is no off-take. New types of fertilisers are coming in and the customers are expecting new products from the company. Competition is becoming more and more vibrant and is producing competing products that is hard to match. The new communication systems and the internet have changed the way business is done across the world. It is easy now to ensure that supplies of the material reaches the customers at the right time in the right quantity. The agricultural land in the country is dwindling and is being converted in industrial land. This means there is less land to produce and hence limited fertiliser use. However, there is also the possibility that the smaller land might be using larger quantity of fertilisers in order to bring in the same result in terms of production. Table...Theoretical principles behind the consumer buying decision is matched with the existing reasons based on which the marketing strategy could be fine tuned to suit the market needs. In addition to this, segmentation of the market to clearly target specific products from the company's stable would help in augmenting sales targets and to produce the desired results. This could help in evaluating the business and the marketing strategy of the company. Finally, the consumer perception in terms of the three levels of product / service is visualised and studied to finally close in on the best strategy for marketing the product. The new communication systems and the internet have changed the way business is done across the world. It is easy now to ensure that supplies of the material reaches the customers at the right time in the right quantity. The agricultural land in the country is dwindling and is being converted in industrial land. This means there is less land to produce and hence limited fertiliser use. However, there is also the possibility that the smaller land might be using larger quantity of fertilisers in order to bring in the same result in terms of production. Based on the SWOT analysis done, it is clear that the company should capitalise on the strengths of th

William Shakespeare :: Essays Papers

William Shakespeare Shakespeare was born in a small English town called Stratford, Avon in 1564. During his lifetime, he composed 37 plays, which are still being performed all around the world. At the age of 18, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. Anne delivered their first child, Susanna, a few short months later. In early 1585, Anne gave birth to twins, a girl Judith and a boy Hamnet. Tragically, Hamnet died at the age of 11 in 1596. Little is known about Shakespeare's life in the late 1580s. In the 1590s, he had began writing plays. Shakespeare became a member of a theater groupe called Lord Chamberlain's Men, and they performed together in front of nobles anand royalty. His early plays include: Henry VI, Richard III, The Comedy of Errors, Titus Andronicus, The Taming of the Shrew, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, and Romeo and Juliet. His later plays include: Richard II, A MidsummerNight's Dream, King John, The Merchant of Venice, Henry IV, Much Ado About Nothing, Henry V, Julius Caesar, As YouLike It, and Twelfth Night, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra. During the 1590s, Shakespeare became famous and gained a great deal of wealth. He bought two very expensive houses in Stratford. From 1592 to 1594, Shakespeare wrote many poems, as the theaters were shut down to stop the spread of the plague that killed thousands of people at the time. In 1599 "The Globe" theater was built. One half of the interest in this famous public playhouse went to the theater patron family, the Burbages. But the other half was divided among five actor-sharers, and Shakespeare was one of them. The Globe was rebuilt in 1614 after a fire and the theater was used till 1644. Historians have gathered enough evidence for an authentic re-creation of Shakespeare's theatre. The new, rebuilt, Globe Theater of the 1990s is only yards away from where the original Globe stood. In 1603, King James VI came to England's throne. He loved the theater and issued a license to the Chamberlain's Men, giving them the title "The Kings Men.

Lindsey Weightman Electoral Process Conservative

Green Party In groups, research the Political party you have selected: Local Election Follow a 4 year cycle. Not all councils vote at the same time. Councillors are elected ‘by thirds' for a period of 4 years (One councillor being elected per year for 3 years, and no Local election in 4th year). Who can stand for election? 21 years of age or over. British, Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland Citizen. Must be nominated by at least 10 registered electors of that constituency. If representing a party, consent must be gained.If you are not representing a party, you are classed as ‘Independent'.  £500 deposit when registering, refundable if you receive 5% or more of the vote. A prisoner serving 12 months or more in custody can not stand for election. Just for Local: An individual can stand if they are a member of a European Union Nation Candidate Selection Process If standing as an Independent representative, there is no selection procedures. Existing MPs are usually approve d to stand when being re-elected. Political parties generally have more representatives than seats.Political parties vigorously select potential candidates to improve their chances of winning. The selection process is similar to selection for the Uniformed Public Services. Sift of C. V, personal statement, application form and aptitude tests. Local interviews sometimes take place. Shortlists consisting of only women have been known to take place. What do you think about this? Period of an election Mayors typically keep their post for 1 year. Councillors up to 4 years. MP's up to 5 years. After these periods, they must either stand down or be re-elected.Types of voting Polling office, usually a church hall, school or a community centre. ‘First past the post'- an individual steps in to a booth and casts their vote anonymously by making an ‘X' next to the candidate they wish to vote for. Postal voting. Voting by Proxy. Internet voting. In order to be a DEMOCRATIC society, t he representatives who serve on our behalf both Locally and Nationally must be elected by the people of the Nation. General Election Maximum term for a parliament is 5 years, 3 weeks. Tends to occur every 3. 5- 5 years. The Prime Minister decides when the election will be.Local and General 1-5 years depending on the position held: The party in power at the time decides when the election is to be held. (Within a 5 year period). Party in power has the chance to change things just prior to the election- generally things like lowering taxes. Why would they do that? Superior funding for larger parties such as Labour and Conservative. Independents and smaller parties are at a disadvantage. Influence of Political parties Political campaigning TASK Create a Political Poster for your party (Chosen at the start of the session) Other ways of campaigning: Tv Radio Newspapers PostersPersonal interviews Public meetings Leaflet distribution First Past the Post (Westminster and Local Elections) Add itional Member System (Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Greater London Assembly) Supplementary Vote (Mayor of London) Single Transferable Vote (Northern Irish Assembly) List System (European Parliament) Different election processes Basis of British electoral system Very clear cut and well defined Candidate with highest number of votes wins FPTP is used in both general and local elections First past the post Advantages of First past the post It allows decisive political change.By providing an outright winner, the system ensures that a party has a mandate to carry out its programme. Easy for the voter to understand. Strong links between MP and constituents, due to single member constituencies. Strong single party governments. The winning Party may not have won the overall majority of votes cast. The chance of anomalous results is increased. Encourages the tactical voting technique, known as ‘compromising’. Disadvantages of Firstpast the Post Voters must rank candid ates on the ballot paper in order of preference If a candidate receives 50% or more of the first preferences, they are elected If not then the candidate with the lowest number of first choices is eliminated and their second choices distributed to other This continues until one candidate has a clear majority The Alternative vote Ensures the winner has a majority Strong bond between candidates and constituents is maintainedRemoves issue of wasted votes Extreme left or right wing parties would be unlikely to get enough support to be elected Does not give parties proportion of seats there votes have earned Time consuming and more complex than FPTP. This is a system which tries to match the proportion of votes cast with the proportion of seats a party receives For example, under PR, if you received 35% of the vote you should get 35% of the seats in parliament Represents wishes of voters as a whole Minority parties end up with fairer share of seats Increases opportunities for independents Can be difficult if no party has clear majorityCan lead to unstable coalition governments Proportional representation TASK 2 As a member of the coalition government you have been tasked by the Cabinet to look at the various electoral processes available after Liberal Democrat election promises to reform the voting system in the UK. The leaflet will then be distributed to the general public. This is a highly controversial subject as Conservatives promised not to reform the voting system whilst Liberal Democrats vowed to make the system fairer. As such your leaflet needs to be as descriptive and in depth as possible so that the public can form their own opinion on which voting system they prefer. In the form of a leaflet you should: Explain electoral processes used in UK elections (P3) andCompare the electoral processes used at different levels of government in the UK (M2). GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT TASK 2 When explaining the electoral process for P3, learners only need to include on e election process and ensure that they clearly identify to which level of government it relates. The explanation should be detailed in its content and will be expected to identify the complete process from the initial application to stand for election to the declaration of the vote, including the voting system that is used. Evidence for M2 must include a comparison of the election process for the elected representatives for at least two levels of government. Lindsey Weightman Electoral Process Conservative Green Party In groups, research the Political party you have selected: Local Election Follow a 4 year cycle. Not all councils vote at the same time. Councillors are elected ‘by thirds' for a period of 4 years (One councillor being elected per year for 3 years, and no Local election in 4th year). Who can stand for election? 21 years of age or over. British, Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland Citizen. Must be nominated by at least 10 registered electors of that constituency. If representing a party, consent must be gained. If you are not representing a party, you are classed as ‘Independent'.  £500 deposit when registering, refundable if you receive 5% or more of the vote. A prisoner serving 12 months or more in custody can not stand for election.Just for Local:An individual can stand if they are a member of a European Union Nation Candidate Selection Process If standing as an Independent representative, there is no selection procedures. Existing MPs are usually approved to stand when being re-elected. Political parties generally have more representatives than seats. Political parties vigorously select potential candidates to improve their chances of winning. The selection process is similar to selection for the Uniformed Public Services. Sift of C.V, personal statement, application form and aptitude tests. Local interviews sometimes take place. Shortlists consisting of only women have been known to take place. What do you think about this? Period of an election Mayors typically keep their post for 1 year. Councillors up to 4 years. MP's up to 5 years.After these periods, they must either stand down or be re-elected. Types of voting Polling office, usually a church hall, school or a community centre. ‘First past the post'- an individual steps in to a booth and casts their vote anonymously by making an ‘X' next to the candidate they wish to vote for. Postal voting. Voting by Proxy. Internet voting. In order to be a DEMOCRATIC society, th e representatives who serve on our behalf both Locally and Nationally must be elected by the people of the Nation. General Election Maximum term for a parliament is 5 years, 3 weeks. Tends to occur every 3.5- 5 years. The Prime Minister decides when the election will be. Local and General 1-5 years depending on the position held: The party in power at the time decides when the election is to be held. (Within a 5 year period).Party in power has the chance to change things just prior to the election- generally things like lowering taxes. Why would they do that?Superior funding for larger parties such as Labour and Conservative.Independents and smaller parties are at a disadvantage. Influence of Political parties Political campaigning TASKCreate a Political Poster for your party(Chosen at the start of the session) Other ways of campaigning: Tv Radio Newspapers Posters Personal interviews Public meetingsLeaflet distribution First Past the Post (Westminster and Local Elections) Additiona l Member System (Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Greater London Assembly) Supplementary Vote (Mayor of London) Single Transferable Vote (Northern Irish Assembly) List System (European Parliament) Different election processes Basis of British electoral system Very clear cut and well defined Candidate with highest number of votes wins FPTP is used in both general and local elections First past the post Advantages of First past the post It allows decisive political change. By providing an outright winner, the system ensures that a party has a mandate to carry out its programme. Easy for the voter to understand. Strong links between MP and constituents, due to single member constituencies. Strong single party governments. The winning Party may not have won the overall majority of votes cast. The chance of anomalous results is increased. Encourages the tactical voting technique, known as ‘compromising’.Disadvantages of First  past the Post Voters must rank candidat es on the ballot paper in order of preference If a candidate receives 50% or more of the first preferences, they are elected If not then the candidate with the lowest number of first choices is eliminated and their second choices distributed to other This continues until one candidate has a clear majority The Alternative vote Ensures the winner has a majority Strong bond between candidates and constituents is maintained Removes issue of wasted votes Extreme left or right wing parties would be unlikely to get enough support to be elected Does not give parties proportion of seats there votes have earned Time consuming and more complex than FPTP.This is a system which tries to match the proportion of votes cast with the proportion of seats a party receives For example, under PR, if you received 35% of the vote you should get 35% of the seats in parliament Represents wishes of voters as a whole Minority parties end up with fairer share of seats Increases opportunities for independentsCa n be difficult if no party has clear majorityCan lead to unstable coalition governments Proportional representation TASK 2 As a member of the coalition government you have been tasked by the Cabinet to look at the various electoral processes available after Liberal Democrat election promises to reform the voting system in the UK. The leaflet will then be distributed to the general public. This is a highly controversial subject as Conservatives promised not to reform the voting system whilst Liberal Democrats vowed to make the system fairer. As such your leaflet needs to be as descriptive and in depth as possible so that the public can form their own opinion on which voting system they prefer.In the form of a leaflet you should:Explain electoral processes used in UK elections (P3) andCompare the electoral processes used at different levels of government in the UK (M2).GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT TASK 2When explaining the electoral process for P3, learners only need to include one elect ion process and ensure that they clearly identify to which level of government it relates. The explanation should be detailed in its content and will be expected to identify the complete process from the initial application to stand for election to the declaration of the vote, including the voting system that is used.Evidence for M2 must include a comparison of the election process for the elected representatives for at least two levels of government.

Organizational Behavior At A Local Community College

As a current student studying business at a local community college, there have been several courses that I have taken that have greatly heightened my comprehension and retention of the business realm and all that it encapsulates. In one of my current classes, organizational behavior, instructed by Mrs. Swanson we have covered a multitude of exciting and interesting topics that pertain to the understanding of the different components and elements that comprise the different roles of management and the behaviors that they exuberate. Organizational Behavior for me as a student has been a very enjoyable class nonetheless while broadening my knowledge of what the business world is like on the management side of the spectrum. With all of the different topics that we have covered in class there is one in particular that caught my eye, one that I personally have seen and dealt with personally as an employee at a corporation for several years and while all at the same time experienced the in credible dynamic shift as the textbook entails, the McGregor theory. What is the McGregor theory? You may be asking yourself. The theory itself is comprised of two components labeled theory X and Theory Y pertaining to management genres. The typical Theory X management is a theory suggesting rather that the employees of a company inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it, almost in a totalitarian regime basis in that the mangers are essentiallyShow MoreRelatedStatement Of Service To The School Of Management And To Nazareth University904 Words   |  4 Pagesc. 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