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Limiting Use of Animals in Research essays

Limiting Use of Animals in Research essays Animal testing has been used since the beginning of scientific medicine research and most of the advancement in medical science has been related to the use of animal testing. Without the help of animal research, many would not have survived diseases that were once fatal to the human population. Believing that torturing animals is cruel, some scientists suggest other solutions to replace animal testing and all of those solutions are found to be insufficient. In the A Scientist: I am the Enemy article, Ron Kline lists few solutions and he explains why those solutions cant replace animal testing, solutions such as experiments on human beings...or...using computer modeling that can simulate animal experiments. Both sources are unreliable and impossible. Therefore, there is no doubt that animal testing may be the only method that would greatly improve medical science in finding new methods and to provide society with the best medical breakthroughs to improve our lives. Animal-rights activists suggest that the use of animals is immoral and scientifically incorrect because animals, just as humans, have rights. One of the animal-rights activists, Roger Caras, explains the animal rights in We Must Find Alternatives to Animals in Research article, stating that ...animals have the right not to have pain, fear or physical deprivation inflicted upon them. If we cannot use animals, what other option do we have for medical research and advancement? This question is not easy to answer. If we try to think logically about finding the best alternative method to animal testing, we will end up with the conclusion of human experimentation. Most would wonder why we do not use humans for research on human diseases. The answer for this question comes quickly in our mind that using humans in medical research would be immoral. Most of us would agree that human beings should not be in experime...

Country report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Country report - Essay Example The risks exist because of slave labor prevalent in the cocoa farms while the process of cocoa has increased manifold. Obesity and diabetic concerns may impact the confectionery market while free imports may impact the business. This report strongly recommends the UK as a location for setting up the manufacturing base because of the strong support for fare trade products. A Swiss chocolate manufacturer is evaluating several locations to set up a manufacturing base for exports to the neighboring regions. This report evaluates UK as a location to serve European and other developing regions. The main criterion for evaluation of a location has been the fair-trade principle which would enable the manufacturer to decide on the location. This evaluation would be based on an assessment of the opportunities and risks presented by the political, economic, social and legal environments. Fair-trade has been prevalent in the UK confectionery market as the three market leaders (Cadbury’s, Nestle and Mars) have committed themselves to fair-trade. However, the political stability is impacted by the slave labor in cocoa farming which will be discussed at length in the report. The economic power rests with the market leaders in the confectionery industry which needs assessment. Socially, people have become conscious of fair-trade and it is believed that they are willing to pay a premium for fair-trade products. However, the market strength is important. Legal implications have led to better guidance to nutrition which can promote fair-trade. Each of these four factors is important to decide on the location for the manufacturing unit and hence the report evaluates the opportunities and risks associated with them. Based on the findings, the recommendations would be suggested and the limitations highlighted. Fairtrade has been defined as a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The purpose of implementing

Fulfillment of an American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fulfillment of an American Dream - Essay Example How a person decide about economic matters are in line with how one will maximize utilities with the budget that they have. (Kabeer) More people see America as a place where they could gain economic stability because in here, they expect equality for an opportunity. Immigration is not an easy phase for those nationalities coming to America to fulfill their dream. It is free to dream, to hope for good things to come and to wish for a better life but not all were able to live this wonderful dream. There are still some who area victims of inequality in America. There are times when one is being harmed because of the color of their skin. Yes, they say that America is the land of the free but that is the bitter irony. That here in what they call land of the free some are being contained just because the color of their skin is black or brown and not as white as some thinks American color should be. These people have not thought of the fact that America is the land of Immigrants. That if we trace it way back in history, the native dwellers of this country are the Indians. So why should one discriminate another when if we look back, our brothers fought for freedom and equality, the very thing that some are not giving their fellowman. W

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken Essay

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken new forms - Essay Example Discrimination comes in varied forms including discrimination against sex, color, ethnicity, religion and social status. These terms are used differently whereby others include prejudice by the Americans; hence making observations of racial distinctions as racism (Mullings (2005, p. 49). Therefore, racism in the UK has not disappeared but instead it has taken new forms and this is because of varied aspects including globalization, capitalism and political processes. How racism has Taken New Forms in the 21st Century in the UK Racism in the UK has not disappeared completely but rather taken new forms in varied ways. As the world moves forward into in the 21st century, there are rapid widespread confusion and changes about the meaning of race and this results due to rapid globalization. Globilisation, which is caused by rapid technological advancement, has been viewed as the cause for widespread confusion and the cause for new forms of racism (Reilly, Stephen and Angela 97). After the destruction of the European colonialism that gave rise to the civil rights movements and the surge for immigration due to globalization, the issue of race became the core subject (Enomoto and Genevieve 55). This contributed to a more critical analysis and creation of awareness of race, but focusing primarily on discrimination and prejudices (Darity 56). Extensive concepts of racial themes from both traditional and modern theorists have been applied in racial issues. The rapid globalization has contributed to varied changes due to modernization; thus racism has tended to remain a global issue even in the post-colonial period. Racism has also become popular, but it has emerged with new concepts and increased drastically; hence heightening the controversy over the meaning of race. Kundnani (41) argues that British racism is well understood not only by the context of conditions, in Britain but also through the global factors. Globilisation has been the key aspect for the rampart new for ms of racism, in the UK. The author combines historical perspective with the assessment of current conditions such as the postwar immigration and the evolution of International Monetary Fund structural programs in the third world. Globilisation is the main cause for increased migrations, asylum and new evolution of markets. For instance, the author reveals the way asylums have been treated differently, and this is through making conditions difficult or unattractive for them. Kundnani (39) reveals the way anthropologists have attempted to link between modernization period and race. Other anthropologists argue that race has not vanished but it has been profoundly influenced by political process. The so-called classical theorists of sociology were concerned by offering an explanation on the emergence of modernity in Europe and the way these led to varied changes in the society. They understood the consequences of modernity and understood the meaning of the increased capitalism in the s ociety (Chowdhry and Sheila 71). Racial theme became the central theme after the dawn of capitalism and the problem of dealing with the social problems emerged. Hence, varied changes among the nations and cultural understandings about the meaning of race have been explained by using comparative approaches (Gioseff 47). Additionally, in the new 21st century where there are new political processes, racism has not disappeared but changes; thus forming a new form. The political process

Lymphocyte B Cell In The Immune System Biology Essay

Lymphocyte B Cell In The Immune System Biology Essay B cell is a type of lymphocyte that is the basis for the bodys humoral immune system; it is produced from the stem cell in the bone marrow (Darling, 2010). On its production a self renewing hematopoietic stem cells produces lymphoid and myeloid progenitor. Looking mainly at lymphoid progenitor, it gives rise to B cell progenitor, T cell progenitor and Natural Killer cells (Kuby et al. 2007, p.25). Lymphoid progenitor produces progenitor B cells; it is the earliest identifiable cell thats committed to the development in the B cell linage. The cells moves and rearrange their Ig heavy chain genetic segments to make a functional IgH gene that are expressed as pre B cell receptors. The B cell receptor is a membrane bound antibody molecule. From the pre B cell receptor, some of the cells stays in the bone marrow and some moves into secondary lymphoid organs and there they reproduce, also in the secondary lymphoid organs the cells undergo antigen dependent maturation. On the topic of B cell progenitor, it produces B cell and these B cells further undergo two phases of maturation: an antigen independent phase and an antigen dependent phase (Kempert, 2010). During the development, each B cell is genetically programmed or a process known as gene translocation, to express a unique B cell receptor. The molecules of that B cell receptor are place on its surface where it can react with epitopes of an antigen (Kaiser, 2010) Epitopes are antigenic determinants recognized and bound with B cell receptors and they are located on the surface of the antigen (Austin, 2010). There are known to be two main classes of B cell epitopes, one is Linear or continuous, the surface that are interacted with the antibody are located next to each other sequentially on the protein. The second one is assembled or discontinuous; the components are located on disparate parts of the protein which are brought conformationally close to each other through side chain interactions (ProImmune, 2010). Produced B cells contain two types of B lymphocytes, Plasma cells and memory cells which express CD19, CD20 and CD21 on these cells (Kempert, 2010). Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. Once produced, B cells mainly stay within the bone marrow and wait until an antigen invades the body. The antigens bind to the B cell and stimulate it to form plasma cells. Plasma cells are known to have characteristic appearing nuclei; cytoplasm that contains dense rough endoplasmic reticulum and which is the site where antibodies are combined and also a distinctive perinuclear Golgi complexes where the antibody molecules are converted to their final forms and ready for secretion (Abbas et al. 2009, p. 22). Memory cells are produced by antigen stimulation of naà ¯ve B cells, they have proteins that are expressed on their surface that distinguish them from B cells and Plasma cells and they can survive in a functionally state for many years after the antigen has been eliminated and also they are known as B cell sub types that are formed after an initial infection (Abbas et al. 2009, p. 22). Function The major function of B cell is the secretion of antibodies. When an antigen has invades the body and has been encountered by the immune system, they bind to B cell and a number of certain B lymphocyte are then stimulated and undergo cell division to produce plasma cell and memory cells which is known as clonal expansion. Clonal expansion is a process that when a naà ¯ve B cell encounter a pathogens antigen. As the antigen floats through the blood system it gets attaches and binds to the naà ¯ve B cells. This trigger clonal expansion and the B cells multiples (Kuby et al. 2007, p.17). The B cell receptors are the ones responsible to bind to the antigens, the bounded antigen is then engulfed into the B cell by the receptor mediated endocytosis. The antigen are digested and broken down into small fragments and displayed on the cell surface thats sitting inside a class II Histocompatibility molecule. With the help of Helper T cells that binds with B cells, the B cells then secretes lymphokines that stimulates the B cells to go through a cell cycle that develops and turn the B cells from being B cell receptors to being a plasma cell that secrete antibodies(Kimball, 2010). The plasma cell each produces a particular antibody thats specifically attached to a specific antigen and these plasma cells are secreted into the blood system. As a specific antibody has attached to a specific antigen, the antibodies produce a humoral response and inactivate the pathogen, and make it easier to removal from the body (Anglin, 2010). Once this process has occurred meaning once the body defense has encountered and destroyed the pathogens antigen, the body remember this pathogens antigen and this remembering process is referred to as Memory cell. Memory cells are produced by stimulated B cells, they are the form of basis for long term immunity and responsible for secondary response. As soon as an infection that was previously destroyed by the humoral immune system returns the memory cells that has remain dormant produce a quick response and the infection is removed as quickly and effectively leaving the patient immune (Martin, 2010).

Mozart Essay -- essays research papers

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart This paper discusses Mozart's life, his compositions and his importance to the world and the world of music. It explains how Mozart's music is still some of the most popular classical music played today and his life is still studied because his music is so well known and liked. An Austrian composer and performer who showed astonishing precocity as a child and was an adult virtuoso, musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria Pertl in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756. Leopold Mozart was a successful composer and violinist and served as assistant concertmaster at the Salzburg court. Mozart and his older sister Maria Anna "Nannerl" were the couple's only surviving children and their musical education began at a very young age. The archbishop of the Salzburg court, Sigismund von Schrattenbach was very supportive of the Mozart children's remarkable activities. By the time Mozart was five years old, he began composing minuets. The next year, he and his sister were taken to Munich and Vienna to play a series of concert tours. Both children played the harpsichord, but Mozart had also mastered the violin. In 1763, when Mozart was seven years old, his father took leave of his position at the Salzburg court to take the family on an extended concert tour of western Europe. Mozart and his sister performed in the major musical centers, including Stuttgart, Mannheim, Mainz, Frankfurt, Brussels, Paris, London, and Amsterdam. They did not return to Salzburg until 1766. During this time, Mozart continued to compose, completing his first symphony at age nine and publishing his first sonatas the same year. Leopold soon realized that he could make a substantial income by showcasing his son as a Wunderkind in the courts of Europe. Maria Anna was a talented pianist, and Mozart wrote a number of piano pieces, in particular duets and pieces for two pianos, to play with her. On one occasion when Mozart became ill, Leopold expressed more concern over the loss of income than over Mozart himself. The cold weather and constant travel may have contributed to his later illness. After spending less than a year in Salzburg, the family again departed for Vienna, where Mozart completed his first opera La finta semplice in 1768. Much to Leopold's frustration, the opera was not per... ... concertos, 23 string quartets, 35 violin sonatas, and more than 50 symphonies. Major composers since Mozart's time have worshipped or been in awe of Mozart. Beethoven told his pupil Ries that he (Beethoven) would never be able to think of a melody as great as that of the first movement of Mozart's 24th piano concerto, and did Mozart homage by writing variations on his themes (such as the two sets of Variations for Cello and Piano on themes from Mozart's Magic Flute) and cadenzas to several of the piano concerti, most notably the Concerto No. 20 (K. 466). (After their only meeting, Mozart noted that Beethoven would "give the world something to talk about.") Tchaikovsky wrote his Mozartiana in praise of him; and Mahler died with "Mozart" the last word on his lips. The music critic James Svejda, when filling out a job application that asked for his religion, entered "Mozart". Summary: His Christian name was Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. His progress as a composer was amazing; by the age of 13 he had written concertos, sonatas, symphonies, a German operetta, Bastien und Bastienne, and an Italian opera buffa, La finta semplice